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Several independent measurement techniques will be used for SCIAMACHY validation from the ground:

• UV-vis zenith-sky spectroscopy using the DOAS technique provides column amounts of O₃, NO₂, BrO, and OClO. The German DOAS community operates instruments at various stations from the Arctic to the Antarctic.

  For more information about the ground-based DOAS activities at IUP/IFE-Bremen click here.

• From Fourier Transform Spectroscopy measurements in the UV, visible, and IR spectral regions total columns and number density profiles of O₃, NO₂, H₂O, CO, N₂O, CO₂, H₂CO, and CH₄ as well as other molecules not covered by SCIAMACHY can be derived. The German scientific community operates FTS instruments at various European stations.

  For more information about the FTS activities at IUP/IFE-Bremen click here.

• Microwave radiometers provide profiles of O₃, H₂O, and ClO. Continuous MW measurements of O₃, H₂O, and ClO are performed by German scientists in Ny-Ålesund. The operation of O₃ and H₂O radiometers at stations in northern mid-latitudes and in the tropics is planned.

  For more information about the ground-based MW activities at IUP/IFE-Bremen click here.

• The Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) technique provides stratospheric O₃ profiles. DIAL measurements are operationally performed during cloud-free nights in Hohenpeißenberg and Ny-Ålesund.

• Backscatter lidars provide vertical distributions of aerosol and cloud properties. In addition, from the Rayleigh backscattered signal temperature profiles in the stratosphere and mesosphere can be derived. A backscatter lidar will be operated on a campaign basis in Esrange/Kiruna.

• Meteorological sondes provide vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, water vapour, and, in case an ozone sonde is attached, O₃ from the ground to maximum altitudes between 30 and 40\,km. Sondes are launched by several German research groups at a variety of locations in Germany as well as in Ny-Ålesund and Neumayer.